Unit+5+Genetics

=Unit 5: Genetics =

Chapters 10 - 12 in the textbook + additional resources.

__**BIOLOGY UNIT 5 - GENETICS**__ Code Content Expectation Transformation of Matter and Energy in Cells In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to carry out specific functions such as transport, reproduction, or energy transformation. Explain cell division, growth, and development as a consequence of an increase in cell number, cell size, and/or cell products. Cell Differentiation Following fertilization, cell division produces a small cluster of cells that then differentiate by appearance and function to form the basic tissues of an embryo. Describe how, through cell division, cells can become specialized for specific function. DNA The genetic information encoded in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. Genes are segments of DNA molecules. **Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter genes. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. The resulting features may help, harm, or have little or no effect on the offspring’s success in its environment.** Show that when mutations occur in sex cells, they can be passed on to offspring (inherited mutations), but if they occur in other cells, they can be passed on to descendant cells only (non-inherited mutations).** Cell Division- Mitosis and Meiosis Sorting and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents. Compare and contrast the processes of cell division (mitosis and meiosis), particularly as those processes relate to production of new cells and to passing on genetic information between generations. Explain why only mutations occurring in gametes (sex cells) can be passed on to offspring. Explain how it might be possible to identify genetic defects from just a karyotype of a few cells. Explain that the sorting and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction result in a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of two parents. Recognize that genetic variation can occur form such processes as crossing over, jumping genes, and deletion and duplication of genes. Predict how mutations may be transferred to progeny. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is essential to biodiversity and the stability of a population. Genetic variation is ensured by the formation of gametes and their combination to form a zygote. Opportunities for genetic variation also occur during cell division when chromosomes exchange genetic material causing permanent changes in the DNA sequences of the chromosomes. Random mutations in DNA structure caused by the environment are another source of genetic variation. Explain that gene mutation in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division called cancer. Also know that exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation increases mutations and thus increases the chance of cancer. Code Content Expectation Genetics and Inherited Traits Hereditary information is contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell. Cells contain many thousands of different genes. One or many genes can determine an inherited trait of an individual, and a single gene can influence more than one trait. Before a cell divides, this genetic information must be copied and apportioned evenly into the daughter cells. Explain that the information passed from parents to offspring is transmitted by means of genes that are coded in DNA molecules. These genes contain the information for the production of proteins. DNA The genetic information encoded in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter genes. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. The resulting features may help, harm, or have little or no effect on the offspring’s success in its environment. Recognize that every species has its own characteristic DNA sequence. Describe the structure and function of DNA. Predict the consequences that changes in the DNA composition of particular genes may have on an organism (e.g., sickle cell anemia, other). Propose possible effects (on the genes) of exposing an organism to radiation and toxic chemicals. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis begins with the information in a sequence of DNA bases being copied onto messenger RNA. This molecule moves from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm where it is “read.” Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, where they are connected in the correct sequence to form a specific protein. Demonstrate how the genetic information in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules and that this is virtually the same mechanism for all life forms. Describe the processes of replication, transcription, and translation and how they relate to each other in molecular biology. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is essential to biodiversity and the stability of a population. Genetic variation is ensured by the formation of gametes and their combination to form a zygote. Opportunities for genetic variation also occur during cell division when chromosomes exchange genetic material causing permanent changes in the DNA sequences of the chromosomes. Random mutations in DNA structure caused by the environment are another source of genetic variation. Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may be silent or result in phenotypic change in an organism and in its offspring. Code Content Expectation Genetics and Inherited Traits Hereditary information is contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell. Cells contain many thousands of different genes. One or many genes can determine an inherited trait of an individual, and a single gene can influence more than one trait. Before a cell divides, this genetic information must be copied and apportioned evenly into the daughter cells. Draw and label a homologous chromosome pair with heterozygous alleles highlighting a particular gene location. Differentiate between dominant, recessive, co-dominant, polygenic, and sex-linked traits. Explain the genetic basis for Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment. Determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid crosses using a Punnett Square. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis begins with the information in a sequence of DNA bases being copied onto messenger RNA. This molecule moves from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm where it is “read.” Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, where they are connected in the correct sequence to form a specific protein. Recognize that genetic engineering techniques provide great potential and responsibilities. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is essential to biodiversity and the stability of a population. Genetic variation is ensured by the formation of gametes and their combination to form a zygote. Opportunities for genetic variation also occur during cell division when chromosomes exchange genetic material causing permanent changes in the DNA sequences of the chromosomes. Random mutations in DNA structure caused by the environment are another source of genetic variation. Describe how inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter a gene. Recognize that an altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it and that the resulting features may help, harm, or have little of no effect on the offspring’s success in its environment.
 * Cell Division and Chromosome Mutations**
 * B2.1**
 * B2.1C**
 * B2.1x**
 * B2.1d**
 * B4.2**
 * B4.2A
 * B4.3**
 * B4.3A**
 * B4.3B**
 * B4.3C**
 * B4.3d**
 * B4.3e**
 * B4.3f**
 * B4.4x**
 * B4.4b**
 * DNA/RNA and Protein Synthesis**
 * B4.1**
 * B4.1B**
 * B4.2**
 * B4.2B**
 * B4.2C**
 * B4.2D**
 * B4.2E**
 * B4.2x**
 * B4.2f**
 * B4.2g**
 * B4.4x**
 * B4.4c**
 * Mendelian and Molecular Genetics (includes Biotechnology)**
 * B4.1**
 * B4.1A**
 * B4.1c**
 * B4.1d**
 * B4.1e**
 * B4.2x**
 * B4.2h**
 * B4.4x**
 * B4.4a**